Specific detection of DNA and RNA by the CRISPR-Cas12a system containing spacer split crRNA

BACKGROUND: The CRISPR/Cas12a system has emerged as a versatile molecular diagnostic tool due to its dual cis- and trans-cleavage activities. However, two key limitations hinder its broad application: high tolerance to single-base mismatches in DNA targets and strict reliance on DNA activators. To address these challenges, we hypothesized that structural reengineering of crRNA could enhance specificity and functional versatility. This study aimed to develop a modified Cas12a system capable of detecting DNA and RNA targets with improved single-base resolution, thereby expanding its utility in molecular diagnostics and clinical subclassification. RESULTS: We engineered split crRNAs by introducing a split site within the spacer region, creating a spacer-split crRNA-activated Cas12a system (SPCas12a). This system exhibited three key advantages: First, SPCas12a demonstrated significantly enhanced specificity in discriminating single-base mutations compared to conventional full-sized crRNA systems. Second, it bypassed the DNA activator requirement, enabling direct detection of miRNA targets without reverse transcription. In addition, AlphaFold Server predictive structural modeling analysis showed that the split site selected by SPCas12a gives the Cas12a complex an open structural domain, which is conducive to the stable function of Cas12a. Third, integration with isothermal amplification enabled constructing an "AND" logic gate detection platform that processes multiple inputs within 40 min. As a proof-of-concept, SPCas12a successfully distinguished triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype cell lines by analyzing miRNA-210 and miRNA-21 biomarkers in different cell lines. SIGNIFICANCE: SPCas12a overcomes fundamental limitations of current CRISPR diagnostics by unifying high-specificity DNA mutation detection and direct RNA sensing in a single platform. The split-crRNA design principle provides a universally adaptable strategy to enhance CRISPR-Cas systems, with immediate applications in precision oncology and infectious disease stratification where base-level discrimination and multi-target detection are critical.