Research Progress on the Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Strategies, andPhthalocyanine Compounds for Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a formidable and complex neurodegenerative disorder drivenby multifactorial interactions, including amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation, neurofibrillary tangles,and neuroinflammation etc. Current therapies mainly consist of cholinesterase inhibitors andNMDA receptor antagonists, which can alleviate symptoms but fail to reverse disease progression.In recent years, emerging approaches such as immunotherapy and gene therapy have shown potentialbut remain in clinical exploration. Phthalocyanine (Pc) compounds, with their ability to inhibitAβ fibril formation, favorable biocompatibility, and optical properties, have demonstrated potentialin AD diagnosis and treatment. This review discusses the pathogenesis, therapeutic strategies,and research progress of Pc compounds in AD. Furthermore, the elucidation of their mechanismsof action, the optimization of blood-brain barrier penetration, and the promotion of clinical translationare needed to provide new directions for AD therapy.