Circulating Tumor DNA detection in cancer: a comprehensive overview of current detection methods and prospects

Abstract Complete oveview of ctDNA detection methods.The analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has emerged as a major minimally invasive biomarker in oncology. Numerous methods exist for ctDNA detection and should be selected based on the specific oncological context. PCR-based methods are often preferred for their sensitivity and cost-effectiveness; however, they are limited to a narrower range of genes. In contrast, NGS-based methods enable comprehensive cancer genotyping and more efficient identification of actionable mutations. Moreover, the growing number of emerging approaches, such as third-­generation sequencing and fragmentomics, highlights the increasing technical complexity of ctDNA detection. Overall, this review provides insights into the advantages and limitations of various detection strategies that can help improve clinical care for patients.