Translanguaging and multimodality in the linguistic landscape of a Chinese community in Johor Bahru, Malaysia

This study delves into the intricate linguistic landscape of a Malaysian Chinese community in Johor Bahru, Malaysia, where a comprehensive survey was carried out by photographing 131 private signboards. These signboards were analysed according to six key variables: the type of sign, the number of languages featured, the specific languages utilised, the relative importance of these languages, and the presence of semiotic symbols. The findings highlight translanguaging practices – where shop owners blend multiple languages, multimodal and multi-semiotic resources on their signboards to communicate more effectively with a diverse audience. Despite official regulations imposed by the city council, English emerged as the most prominently displayed language, with Malay and Chinese also playing significant roles. The study reveals that these signboards serve as a rich translanguaging space. In this space, shop owners creatively and critically integrate a variety of semiotic and multimodal resources, blending visual and linguistic elements to convey complex messages. This integration demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of the local sociolinguistic context and reflects the community’s identity and values, contributing to the vibrant and evolving linguistic landscape of the area.