Recent advances of nucleic acid-based cancer biomarkers and biosensors

Nucleic acid-based cancer biomarkers (NABCBs) have emerged as a notable and continuously captivating research focal point within the domain of oncology. As a result, NABCBs have garnered sustained and steadfast attention from the realms of scientific inquiry and medical practice alike. This comprehensive review embarks on a systematic exploration, delving into the classifications, properties, and functions of NABCBs. Subsequently, it navigates the expanse of clinical applications, where NABCBs assume roles in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. This underscores their pivotal role in translating biomolecular signatures into tangible diagnostic tools. Moreover, an exploration into the strategies underpinning the development of NABCB-based biosensors, such as coordination, crosslinking, fluorescent labeling, and so on, was discussed in details. This segment accentuates the potential of NABCBs to underpin diagnostic and monitoring paradigms, thereby offering a cutting-edge technological foundation for the realization of real-time assessments of early cancer diagnosis and treatment efficacy. In addition, this review embarks on a thorough exploration of these challenges, contributing to an enriched comprehension of the existing status and limitations of NABCBs within the practical clinical milieu. This outlook underscores the call for continued and dedicated research endeavors, poised to forge the theoretical bedrock requisite for early cancer diagnosis, personalized therapeutic methodologies, and the vigilant monitoring of treatment outcomes.