Lactobacillus_rhamnosus GG reverses zearalenone-induced pathological macrophage polarization to restore placental angiogenesis and efficiency

, which subsequently increased the production of isolithocholic acid (isoLCA). This metabolic modulation reversed the ZEN-induced aberrant macrophage polarization. Further validation in rodent models confirmed that ZEN drove aberrant hepatic M2 macrophage polarization, a phenotype that was similarly rectified by LGG administration. In conclusion, this study revealed that ZEN impaired placental function by driving pathological macrophage polarization, and indicated that LGG could mitigate this toxicity through alterations in the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. These findings provided a novel perspective and a promising nutritional strategy for combating ZEN-induced reproductive toxicity.