Rare earth-doped glass microbarcodes

The development of ultraminiaturized identification tags has applications in fields ranging from advanced biotechnology to security. This paper describes micrometer-sized glass barcodes containing a pattern of different fluorescent materials that are easily identified by using a UV lamp and an optical microscope. A model DNA hybridization assay using these "microbarcodes" is described. Rare earth-doped glasses were chosen because of their narrow emission bands, high quantum efficiencies, noninterference with common fluorescent labels, and inertness to most organic and aqueous solvents. These properties and the large number (>1 million) of possible combinations of these microbarcodes make them attractive for use in multiplexed bioassays and general encoding.