Petrogenesis of Adakitic Porphyries in an Extensional Tectonic Setting, Dexing, South China: Implications for the Genesis of Porphyry Copper Mineralization

The Dexing adakitic porphyries (quartz diorite–granodiorite porphyries), associated with giant porphyry Cu deposits, are located in the interior of a continent (South China). They exhibit relatively high MgO, Cr, Ni and Sr contents, high La/Yb and Sr/Y ratios, but low Yb and Y contents, similar to adakites produced by slab melting associated with subduction. However, they are characterized by bulk Earth-like Nd–Sr isotope compositions (εNd(t) = −1·14 to +1·80 and (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0·7044 – 0·7047), and high Th (12·6–27·2 ppm) contents and Th/Ce (0·19–0·94) ratios, which are different from those of Cenozoic slab-derived adakites. Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP) geochronology studies of zircons reveal that the Dexing adakitic porphyries have a crystallization age of 171 ± 3 Ma. This age is contemporaneous with Middle Jurassic extension within the Shi-Han rift zone, and within-plate magmatism elsewhere in South China, indicating that the Dexing adakitic porphyries were probably formed in an extensional tectonic regime in the interior of the continent rather than in an arc setting. Their high Th contents and Th/Ce ratios, and Middle Jurassic age, argue against an origin from a Neoproterozoic (∼1000 Ma) stalled slab in the mantle. Taking into account available data for the regional metamorphic–magmatic rocks, and the present-day crustal thickness (∼31 km) in the area, we suggest that the Dexing adakitic porphyries were most probably generated by partial melting of delaminated lower crust, which was possibly triggered by upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle due to the activity of the Shi-Hang rift zone. Moreover, the Dexing adakitic magmas must have interacted with the surrounding mantle peridotite during their ascent, which elevated not only their MgO, Cr and Ni contents, but also the oxygen fugacity (fO2) of the mantle. The high fO2 could have induced oxidation of metallic sulfides in the mantle and mobilization of chalcophile elements, which are required to produce associated Cu mineralization. Therefore, the Cu metallogenesis associated with the Dexing adakitic porphyries is probably related to partial melting of delaminated lower crust, similar to the metallogenesis accompanying slab melting.