Engineering DNA quadruplexes in DNA nanostructures for biosensor construction

DNA quadruplexes are nucleic acid conformations comprised of four strands. They are prevalent in human genomes and increasing efforts are being directed toward their engineering. Taking advantage of the programmability of Watson-Crick base-pairing and conjugation methodology of DNA with other molecules, DNA nanostructures of increasing complexity and diversified geometries have been artificially constructed since 1980s. In this review, we investigate the interweaving of natural DNA quadruplexes and artificial DNA nanostructures in the development of the ever-prosperous field of biosensing, highlighting their specific roles in the construction of biosensor, including recognition probe, signal probe, signal amplifier and support platform. Their implementation in various sensing scenes was surveyed. And finally, general conclusion and future perspective are discussed for further developments.