Chemical design of nanozymes for biomedical applications

With the advancement of nanochemistry, artificial nanozymes with high catalytic stability, low manufacturing and storage cost, and greater design flexibility over natural enzymes, have emerged as a next-generation nanomedicine. The catalytic activity and selectivity of nanozymes can be readily controlled and optimized by the rational chemical design of nanomaterials. This review summarizes the various chemical approaches to regulate the catalytic activity and selectivity of nanozymes for biomedical applications. We focus on the in-depth correlation between the physicochemical characteristics and catalytic activities of nanozymes from several aspects, including regulating chemical composition, controlling morphology, altering the size, surface modification and self-assembly. Furthermore, the chemically designed nanozymes for various biomedical applications such as biosensing, infectious disease therapy, cancer therapy, neurodegenerative disease therapy and injury therapy, are briefly summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of nanozymes are discussed from a chemistry point of view. As a kind of nanomaterials that performs enzyme-like properties, nanozymes perform high catalytic stability, low manufacturing and storage cost, attracting the attention of researchers from various fields. Notably, chemically designed nanozymes with robust catalytic activity, tunable specificity and multi-functionalities are promising for biomedical applications. It's crucial to define the correlation between the physicochemical characteristics and catalytic activities of nanozymes. To help readers understand this rapidly expanding field, in this review, we summarize various chemical approaches that regulate the catalytic activity and selectivity of nanozymes together with the discussion of related mechanisms, followed by the introduction of diverse biomedical applications using these chemically well-designed nanozymes. Hopefully our review will bridge the chemical design and biomedical applications of nanozymes, supporting the extensive research on high-performance nanozymes.