Using framework analysis methods for qualitative research: AMEE Guide No. 164

AbstractFramework analysis methods (FAMs) are structured approaches to qualitative data analysis that originally stem from large-scale policy research. A defining feature of FAMs is the development and application of a matrix-based analytical framework. These methods can be used across research paradigms and are thus particularly useful tools in the health professions education (HPE) researcher's toolbox. Despite their utility, FAMs are not frequently used in HPE research. In this AMEE Guide, we provide an overview of FAMs and their applications, situating them within specific qualitative research approaches. We also report the specific characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of FAMs in relation to other popular qualitative analysis methods. Using a specific type of FAM—i.e. the framework method—we illustrate the stages typically involved in doing data analysis with an FAM. Drawing on Sandelowski and Barroso's continuum of data transformation, we argue that FAMs tend to remain close to raw data and be descriptive or exploratory in nature. However, we also illustrate how FAMs can be harnessed for more interpretive analyses. We propose that FAMs are valuable resources for HPE researchers and demonstrate their utility with specific examples from the HPE literature.Keywords: Qualitative researchqualitative methodsqualitative analysisframework methodframework analysis Disclosure statementThe authors report there are no competing interests to declare. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.Additional informationFundingThe work of SK was supported by Koneen Säätiö (Kone Foundation) grant number 202105895.Notes on contributorsSonja KlingbergSonja Klingberg, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU) at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa.Renée E. StalmeijerRenée E. Stalmeijer, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the School of Health Professions Education, Department of Educational Development and Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.Lara VarpioLara Varpio, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Pediatrics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, and Co-Director of Research in Medical Education at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.