Antibacterial activity and mechanistic insights of gallium-based nanoparticles: an emerging frontier in metal-based antimicrobials

The global rise of antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for novel therapeutic agents that act through non-conventional mechanisms. Gallium-based nanoparticles (GaNPs) represent a promising yet underexplored class of metal-based antimicrobials. Owing to their unique ability to mimic iron(iii), GaNPs disrupt key bacterial metabolic processes, particularly those dependent on iron acquisition and utilization. This mini-review provides an overview of recent advances in the development and application of GaNPs for antibacterial therapy. Emphasis is placed on their mechanisms of action, spectrum of activity, and potential biomedical applications. The review also discusses emerging insights into bacterial responses to gallium, including resistance dynamics and synergy with existing antibiotics. As an innovative approach to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens, GaNPs offer a compelling alternative to traditional antimicrobials.