The versatility of klotho protein: insights into its multifaceted functions in health and disease

The Klotho protein, initially discovered for its role in aging and calcium metabolism, has emerged as a multifunctional regulator with diverse impacts on health and disease. Beyond its functions in maintaining phosphate homeostasis and suppressing aging pathways, Klotho exhibits pleiotropic effects in various physiological processes, including cognition, cardiovascular health, and cancer suppression. This review elucidates themechanisms underlying Klotho's versatile functions, shedding light on its involvement in modulating signaling pathways such as insulin/IGF-1, Wnt, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways. Furthermore, we explore the therapeutic potential of Klotho modulation in combating age-related diseases, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders. Understanding the complexities of Klotho biology unveils novel strategies for therapeutic interventions and highlights its significance in promoting healthy aging and disease prevention.