5-Aminolevulinic acid improves strawberry salt tolerance through a NO–H2O2 signaling circuit regulated by FaWRKY70 and FaWRKY40

ALA inhibits NaCl-stimulated FaWRYK70 expression, relieving the transcriptional inhibition of its downstream targets. The NO-H₂O₂ signaling circuit can then initiate mechanisms such as Na⁺ exclusion, vacuolar sequestration, and removal of Na⁺ from the xylem sap, limiting Na⁺ accumulation in the leaves and promoting Na⁺ homeostasis and plant salt tolerance.