Unveiling wavelength-dependent roles of light in dynamic structures for photothermal toluene oxidation over atomically dispersed Pd/TiO 2

Visible light-driven hot electron transfer from Pd to TiO 2 via Pd–O–Ti creates oxygen vacancies and enhances ˙O 2 − for efficient toluene oxidation, whereas UV-induced reverse transfer yields negligible structural change and catalytic improvement.