Network toxicology and experimental validation reveal TDCPP as an emerging environmental risk factor for chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND: Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is a widely used organophosphorus flame retardant that has raised growing concern because it is persistent, can bioaccumulate, and is toxic. However, its possible role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is still not well understood. METHODS: We used network toxicology, molecular docking, transcriptomic validation, and mouse exposure experiments to uncover the mechanisms linking TDCPP exposure to kidney injury. RESULTS: We found 1270 overlapping targets between predicted TDCPP-binding proteins and CKD-related genes. Enrichment analyses showed strong links to inflammatory and apoptotic processes, as well as key signaling pathways including PI3K-Akt, MAPK, Ras, and cAMP. Machine learning methods (LASSO, SVM-RFE, RF) identified two hub genes, CTRB1 and HSPA1A, which were both significantly downregulated in CKD transcriptomes and showed perfect diagnostic performance (AUC = 1.0). Immune cell analysis showed that CKD tissues had increased regulatory T cells, monocytes, M2 macrophages, and neutrophils, and CTRB1/HSPA1A expression was correlated with specific immune cell subsets. Molecular docking predicted favorable binding of TDCPP to both proteins, with the strongest affinity for CTRB1 (-7.2 kcal/mol). In vivo, TDCPP exposure caused dose-dependent tubular degeneration, inflammation, and increased serum BUN and creatinine, along with marked downregulation of CTRB1 and HSPA1A. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these findings suggest that TDCPP may contribute to CKD by disrupting CTRB1/HSPA1A and activating PI3K-Akt/MAPK signaling, which leads to immune dysregulation and progressive kidney injury. We propose a new adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework linking TDCPP exposure to CKD, and highlight CTRB1 and HSPA1A as potential biomarkers and mechanistic targets for environmental nephrotoxicity.