PRECISION NUTRITION IN MODERN MEDICINE: THE ROLE OF PERSONALIZED DIETS IN DISEASE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT

Background: Precision nutrition has emerged as a progressive approach within modern medicine, integrating advances in nutritional biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and systems biology to develop individualized dietary strategies. Unlike conventional dietary guidelines that are based on population averages, this approach recognizes inter-individual variability in nutrient metabolism, genetic predisposition, and disease susceptibility. Objective: The present narrative review aimed to explore the role of precision nutrition in disease prevention and management, with a focus on underlying biological mechanisms, technological advancements, and clinical implications. Methods (Review Methods): A comprehensive review of recent literature was conducted, focusing on studies related to multi-omics technologies, including genomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and microbiomics. Relevant evidence was synthesized to evaluate how these approaches contribute to understanding diet–disease interactions and to the development of personalized nutritional interventions. Main Findings/Results: The findings indicated that precision nutrition enables the identification of biomarkers associated with metabolic phenotypes and disease risk. Gene–nutrient interactions, epigenetic modifications, microbiota-derived metabolites, and inflammatory pathways were found to play key roles in regulating metabolic homeostasis. Technological advancements such as mass spectrometry–based metabolomics, stable isotope tracing, and bioinformatics-driven data integration have enhanced the ability to predict individual responses to dietary interventions. Evidence also suggested that personalized nutrition strategies may improve outcomes in chronic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obesity, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Conclusion: Precision nutrition offers a promising and scientifically grounded framework for individualized healthcare by linking molecular insights with dietary interventions. Despite challenges related to data integration, standardization, and ethical considerations, continued research and technological progress are expected to facilitate its translation into clinical practice and contribute to reducing the global burden of chronic diseases. Keywords: Diet Therapy; Disease Prevention; Genomics; Metabolomics; Nutrigenomics; Precision Medicine; Microbiota