Unraveling the Extraction, Structure, Bioactivities, and Structure–Activity Relationship of Salvia miltiorrhiza Polysaccharides: A Review

Salvia miltiorrhiza, a widely recognized traditional medicinal plant, is not only extensively used in clinical settings but also increasingly valued for its potential as a functional food ingredient. S. miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMPs), as the primary active components of S. miltiorrhiza, demonstrate excellent performance in antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory effects. These attributes facilitate their advancement in nutritional health products, dietary supplements, and health-enhancing functional foods. Combining therapeutic and nutritional value, SMPs serve as a vital bridge connecting traditional medicine with modern functional food applications. This work offers a systematic assessment of the procedures for the extraction and purification of SMP, along with its structural features, biological activities, uses, and structure-activity connections. This framework is anticipated to establish a theoretical basis for subsequent research, applications, and progress in human health and product development.