Suppression of the Marangoni effect by controlling the mixing procedures of the precursor solution to improve the performance of perovskite solar cells

By optimizing the mixing procedures of the perovskite precursor solution, the Marangoni effect was suppressed, resulting in improved device performance (0.07 cm 2 cell from 14.71% to 16.55% and 66 cm 2 sub-module from 11.21% to 13.02%).