Trained immunity using probiotics and inactivated pathogens enhances resistance to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection by activating the cGAS-STING signal pathway in mice and chickens

Trained immunity activated by probiotics and inactivated bacterial pathogens enhanced resistance against S. Typhimurium infection via macrophage activation and involved the cGAS-STING pathway. These findings highlight the potential of trained immunity as an alternative strategy for disease prevention in both livestock and poultry.