3D-printed magnetic scaffolds promote bone and vessel regeneration through CRYAB/PI3K-AKT and NF-κB pathways identified by proteomics

Our findings provide direct evidence that 3D-printed PLGA/Fe₂O₃ scaffolds promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, we report for the first time that CRYAB-mediated stabilization of β-catenin plays a central role in magnetic scaffold-induced bone regeneration, offering new insights into the design of functional bone substitutes.