The impact of using ChatGPT for feedback in EFL writing: a systematic review

The integration of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools, such as ChatGPT, into English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing instruction has garnered significant attention in recent years. This systematic review synthesizes 30 empirical studies published between 2023 and 2025 that explore the impact of ChatGPT feedback on students’ writing performance, examining which dimensions of writing (e.g. linguistic accuracy, content development, organization or vocabulary use) experience more improvements as a result of ChatGPT usage. Results indicate that ChatGPT is particularly effective in enhancing surface-level writing features related to the accurate use of language, as well as in the overall increase in writing quality and the enhancement of text organization. However, the analysed studies also report challenges related to students’ overreliance on the tool, and the need for a student-centred integration of ChatGPT within instructional frameworks. Implications for pedagogy suggest that the effectiveness of ChatGPT as a writing feedback tool is maximized when coupled with the teaching of effective prompting skills, students’ critical engagement with AI feedback as well as teacher input and supervision. Further research is required to explore long-term effects and the sustainability of GenAI-driven writing improvements.