Precise modulation of redox reactions: A novel multifunctional theranostic platform based on 2D nanozymes

Biological enzymes, with their high catalytic activity, strong specificity, and biocompatibility, hold significant application value in the biomedical field. However, their practical use is limited by high costs, poor environmental stability, and difficulties in large-scale production. In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, with their high surface area, tunable enzyme-like catalytic activities (such as oxidase/peroxidase/catalase-mimicking properties), and unique photothermal/photodynamic effects, have provided new strategies for disease diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we first elucidate the bidirectional regulatory capacity of 2D nanozymes for redox reactions. We then classify and introduce the structural characteristics and catalytic mechanisms of various 2D nanozyme platforms, including carbon-based materials, black phosphorus, layered double hydroxides, transition metal oxides, metal-organic frameworks, MXenes, and other emerging nanomaterials. Finally, we summarize the latest research progress of 2D nanozymes in applications such as biosensors, cardiovascular diseases, bacterial infections, diabetic wounds, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, ischemic stroke, and cancer, highlighting their multifunctional theranostic effects. This review aims to provide theoretical references for the development of highly efficient and stable nanozyme materials and to promote the interdisciplinary development of catalytic medicine and nanotechnology.