Development of a nude mouse model for the study of antlerogenesis—mechanism of tissue interactions and ossification pathway

Abstract In a previous study (Li et al., 2001. J Exp Zool 290:18–30) a nude mouse model was established to investigate deer antler development. In that study we found nude mice could support the singularly implanted antlerogenic periosteum (AP) to form pedicle‐like, but not antler‐like, bony protuberances. To further develop the model and at the same time to use the updated model for the investigation of antler formation, three experiments were carried out in this study. The results showed that (1) antler‐like protuberances were successfully induced on the nude mouse heads via subcutaneous co‐transplantation of AP and deer skin, and subsequent exposure through wounding of the deer xenografts; (2) deer skin epidermis and its attached half thickness of dermis were sufficient to interact with the AP, and the interactions were capable of transforming adult scalp skin into velvet; (3) the putative initial inductive molecules were primarily derived from the AP cellular layer, rather than fibrous layer; (4) initiation of the ossification center in the avascular cartilage of each mouse “antler” took place via metaplasia, rather than classical endochondral ossification. Further research is required to identify means for effective stimulation of calcification of the “mouse antlers” in order to create the opportunity to investigate antler regeneration using the nude mouse model. Overall, the nude mouse model, once further developed, has the potential to become a powerful tool to study underlying mechanism of antlerogenesis and organogenesis/regeneration in general. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B:118–135, 2009 . © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.