Integration of metabolic pathway manipulation and promoter engineering for the fine‐tuned biosynthesis of malic acid in Bacillus coagulans

Abstract Bacillus coagulans , a thermophilic facultative anaerobe, is a favorable chassis strain for the biosynthesis of desired products. In this study, B. coagulans was converted into an efficient malic acid producer by metabolic engineering and promoter engineering. Promoter mapping revealed that the endogenous promoter P ldh was a tandem promoter. Accordingly, a promoter library was developed, covering a wide range of relative transcription efficiencies with small increments. A reductive tricarboxylic acid pathway was established in B. coagulans by introducing the genes encoding pyruvate carboxylase ( pyc ), malate dehydrogenase ( mdh ), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase ( pckA ). Five promoters of various strengths within the library were screened to fine‐tune the expression of pyc to improve the biosynthesis of malic acid. In addition, genes involved in the competitive metabolic pathways were deleted to focus the substrate and energy flux toward malic acid. Dual‐phase fed‐batch fermentation was performed to increase the biomass of the strain, further improving the titer of malic acid to 25.5 g/L, with a conversion rate of 0.3 g/g glucose. Our study is a pioneer research using promoter engineering and genetically modified B. coagulans for the biosynthesis of malic acid, providing an effective approach for the industrialized production of desired products using B. coagulans .