Erythropoietin(EPO),a hematopoietic cytokine,possesses strong antiapoptotic tissue-protective properties.Recently several studies have shown that carbamylated EPO(CEPO) did not bind to the classical EPO receptor(EPOR) and did not show any hematopoietic activity.Nevertheless,CEPO showed tissue protection through its ability to bind to a new hetero-receptor complex comprising both EPOR and common β receptor(βcR) at a potency and efficacy comparable to EPO.Unlike EPO,CEPO has no effect on hematocrit.CEPO showed the antiapoptotic protective effects through its ability to limit both remodeling and the extent of the scar.