Electrocatalytic activity of Nb-doped hexagonal WO 3 nanowire-modified graphite felt as a positive electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries

We report a facile hydrothermal method to synthesize low-cost, high-catalytic-activity, and stable niobium-doped hexagonal tungsten trioxide nanowires; these were employed as catalysts to improve the electrocatalytic activity of graphite felt (GF) electrodes for use as positive electrodes in an all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB).