Workflow Scheduling in Cloud–Fog Computing Environments: A Systematic Literature Review

ABSTRACT The Internet of Things (IoT) facilitates the connectivity of billions of physical devices for exchanging information and enabling a wide range of applications. These applications can be presented in the form of dependent tasks, as outlined in a workflow. These workflows face limitations due to constraints in IoT sensors. To address these limitations, cloud computing has emerged to offer a large capacity of computing and storing with a great capability to adjust resources according to the need. However, cloud computing might not adequately meet the low‐latency of IoT workflow requirements when scheduling a workflow composed of IoT tasks due to its centralized nature. Moreover, cloud computing is not ideal for delay‐sensitive workflows and may increase communication costs. In response to these challenges, the use of fog computing as an extension to cloud computing scheme is recommended. Fog computing aims to process workflow tasks close to IoT devices. While fog computing offers various advantages, integrating these systems into workflow scheduling remains one of the most formidable challenges in distributed environments. Indeed, significant issues arise due to the timely execution and the resource limitations. In this survey paper, we present a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on the current state of the art in this domain. We propose a taxonomy to compare and evaluate the existing studies on workflow scheduling approaches in cloud–fog computing environments. This taxonomy encompasses various criteria, including scheduling techniques, performance metrics, workflow dependencies, scheduling policies, and evaluation tools. We highlight certain recommendations for open issues which require more investigations. Our aim is to provide valuable insights for researchers and developers interested in understanding the contributions and challenges of current workflow scheduling approaches in cloud–fog computing environments.