Hydrogen Sulfide Production From Microbes: Mechanistic Understanding and Advancements

ABSTRACT Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) has emerged as a crucial signaling molecule with profound physiological and pathological roles, sparking interest in its biotechnological production through microbial engineering. The potential applications of microbially produced H 2 S in medicine, agriculture, and industry have driven significant research advancements. This review comprehensively examines the latest developments in engineering microbes for H 2 S production. Key topics include genetic and metabolic engineering strategies that enhance H 2 S biosynthesis, innovative production methods, and practical applications of microbial H 2 S. Additionally, we address the technical and biological challenges faced in optimizing H 2 S production, such as maintaining microbial viability and ensuring controlled release. The review also explores future directions in the field, emphasizing the need for sustainable and efficient production systems, the potential for scalable industrial applications, and the integration of H 2 S‐producing microbes in therapeutic and agricultural settings. Overall, this review provides a detailed overview of the current state and future prospects of H 2 S production, highlighting its significance in various biotechnological applications.