Identification and characterization of innate lymphoid cells generated from pluripotent stem cells

recipients engrafted with PSC-derived iHPCs guided by Runx1 and Hoxa9 expression. Upon transplantation, iHPCs immediately give rise to ILC-related progenitors containing common helper ILC progenitors in the bone marrow, followed by a more restricted population named ILC progenitors, which are able to further differentiate into mature ILCs in the primary and secondary immunodeficient recipients. The PSC-derived ILCs exhibit multiple tissue distributions and normal immunological functions. Single-cell transcriptomics illustrates the developmental trajectory of PSC-derived ILCs in vivo, which is consistent with that of natural ILCs. Our study provides insights into the generation of ILCs in animals transplanted with PSC-derived iHPCs as a cell source.