Development of acidochromic colloidal polymer nanoparticles containing azobenzene derivatives as eco-friendly time-dependent anticounterfeiting inks

N,N-dihydroxyethyl azobenzene compounds with different functional groups of hydrogen, electron-donating hydroxyl (OH), and electron-withdrawing nitro (NO2) were synthesized by a two-step diazotization and coupling method. Colloidal poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles, prepared by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization, were doped with 3 wt% of the three azobenzenes to prepare acidochromic colloids. Acidochromic properties of all the azobenzenes and the polymer colloids were investigated in acidic buffers. Azobenzene compounds doped on polymer particles showed different colors in buffers with different pH values due to the presence of different functional groups, which makes them highly applicable as acid detectors. The electron-withdrawing NO2 functional group caused a small bathochromic shift in the azobenzene spectrum, and the azobenzene containing OH functional group showed higher bathochromic shift than the unsubstituted azobenzene. The colloidal PMMA nanoparticles doped with the three azobenzene compounds were used as eco-friendly inks for stamping and hand-signing on cellulosic papers. Exposure to acidic HCl vapor resulted in different coloration of the printed marks due to the protonation of the azobenzenes. These colors of the protonated forms were decayed with time and also after exposure to triethylamine vapor. The stamped patterns showed a high fatigue and no change in color intensity up to 20 cycles. This shows that these polymeric inks can be used as anticounterfeiting inks for security-marking of confidential documents and banknotes. The developed inks showed time-dependent characteristics and responsivity to acid and base vapors, which make them highly applicable in security marking of confidential documents and also detection of acid and base.