Unraveling Materials Synthesis Mechanisms Using In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy and Neutron Scattering

neutron diffraction and imaging, are essential for studying bulk-level synthesis pathways. Together, these techniques offer a multiscale view of synthesis and processing. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI), automated workflows, and multimodal characterization is highlighted as a path toward high-throughput, predictive synthesis. By discussing challenges and opportunities in instrumentation and analysis, this review proposes a multiscale approach to accelerate innovation in materials synthesis, with applications across energy storage, quantum materials, and next-generation manufacturing.