Electrosynthesis for biomass refining and green H 2 by a Ni(OH) 2 –V 2 O 3 heterostructure: tailoring oxygen vacancies and electronic interactions

The Ni(OH) 2 –V 2 O 3 heterostructured catalyst introduces oxygen vacancies that improve charge transfer and boost catalytic performance for HMFOR and HER, which achieves a high FDCA yield of 97.5%, generating H 2 with nearly 100% faradaic efficiency.