Lactiplantibacillus plantarum N1 derived lipoteichoic acid alleviates insulin resistance in association with modulation of the gut microbiota and amino acid metabolism

, which is positively related to hyperglycemia. Untargeted metabolomics revealed that LTA improved vitamin and amino acid metabolism, thereby alleviating metabolic disorders in zebrafish. Collectively, our findings indicate that HK-N1, primarily through LTA, modulated insulin sensitivity by regulating the gut microbiota and amino acid metabolism, offering a potential therapeutic strategy for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.