Reactions of In Situ-Generated Difluorocarbene (:CF2) with Aromatic/Heteroaromatic Alcohols, Thiols, Olefins, and Alkynes under Environmentally Responsible Conditions

Environmentally respectful methods for generating and utilizing difluorocarbene (:CF₂) in the synthesis of a wide array of valuable difluoromethylated compounds are disclosed. In particular, the insertion of the CF₂ moiety into aromatic/heteroaromatic alcohols, thiols, olefins, and alkynes under neat or aqueous micellar catalysis conditions is demonstrated. These methods yield both satisfactory results and significantly lower E-Factors compared to traditional synthetic approaches. Key applications of these methodologies include optimization en route to a pantoprazole intermediate and development of a representative one-pot chemoenzymatic sequence. Additionally, analysis via calorimetry indicates no significant safety risk in the context of the developed solvent-free conditions.