Solar-powered selective mineral extraction via interfacial photothermal evaporation for sustainable lithium supply

Abstract With the global transition towards low-carbon and electrified energy systems, lithium-ion batteries have played a crucial role, leading to an increasing demand for lithium resources. Compared to conventional lithium ore sources, seawater and continental brines contain significantly larger lithium reserves but require clean and cost-effective extraction methods. In this context, solar evaporation has recently emerged as a promising approach to enhance lithium extraction, attracting growing research interest. This review first examines the historical development of solar evaporation techniques. Subsequently, based on the distinct characteristics of various ions in brine, we discussed separation and extraction strategies facilitated by solar evaporation, particularly focusing on the spatial separation crystallization of monovalent ions, membrane separation for divalent ions, and selective adsorption techniques. For each method, we provided a comprehensive analysis of the working principles, recent advancements, evaluation metrics, and existing challenges. Furthermore, a summary and analysis of the differences between these methods in pre-treatment and post-treatment processes were also included. Finally, we offer perspectives on the future development of solar evaporation-assisted lithium extraction, aiming to achieve cleaner and more efficient lithium recovery technologies.