Carbonate in Natural Waters

Abstract Carbonate is the divalent anion resulting from complete neutralization of carbonic acid. In natural waters, it is in dynamic equilibrium with carbon dioxide gas, carbonic acid, bicarbonate anion, and solid forms of insoluble carbonate minerals—mainly calcium carbonate: urn:x-wiley:9780471478447:media:pc81:xm1 Various aspects of the CO2–carbonate systems in natural waters have been extensively reviewed. Practical interests lie in the areas of geochemistry, biochemistry, water treatment and usage, and environment.