Decoding the functional network of circular RNAs encoding proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma: from carcinogenesis to clinical transformation

This review aims to evaluate the roles of circRNA-encoded proteins in HCC metastasis, apoptosis, therapy resistance, and metabolic reprogramming. It also discusses the latest detection methods and RNA-based therapeutic strategies. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW: circRNAs-encoded proteins can modulate key cellular processes and serve as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The review integrates findings across cancer types and emphasizes current challenges in delivery, detection sensitivity, and mechanistic elucidation. Tackling these issues will be essential for translating circRNA-derived proteins into precision medicine for HCC.