CAF-mediated regulation of prostate cancer stem cell stemness via the Wnt/β-catenin and SDF-1/CXCR4 pathways in castration-resistant prostate cancer

β-Catenin and CXCR4 showed strong co-localization in xenograft tumors. These findings suggest that CAFs promote PCSC stemness and CRPC progression by activating the Wnt/β-catenin and SDF-1/CXCR4 pathways via Wnt3a and SDF-1 expression. These insights provide potential targets for managing CRPC.