Diabetes noninvasive diagnostics and monitoring through volatile biomarkers analysis in the exhaled breath using optical absorption spectroscopy

The review is aimed on the analysis the abilities of noninvasive diagnostics and monitoring of diabetes mellitus (DM) and DM-associated complications through volatile molecular biomarkers detection in the exhaled breath. The specific biochemical reactions in the body of DM patients and their associations with volatile molecular biomarkers in the breath are considered. The applications of optical spectroscopy methods, including UV, IR, and terahertz spectroscopy for DM-associated volatile molecular biomarkers measurements, are described. The applications of similar technique combined with machine learning methods in DM diagnostics using the profile of DM-associated volatile molecular biomarkers in exhaled air or "pattern-recognition" approach are discussed.