Revealing Ion Adsorption and Charging Mechanisms in Layered Metal–Organic Framework Supercapacitors with Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

, with anions contributing only a minor contribution to the charge storage. Overall, this work establishes the methods for studying MOF-electrolyte interactions via NMR spectroscopy. Understanding how these interactions influence the charging storage mechanism will aid the design of MOF-electrolyte combinations to optimize the performance of supercapacitors, as well as other electrochemical devices including electrocatalysts and sensors.