Flexible Fibrous Electrodes for Implantable Biosensing

Flexible fibrous electrodes have emerged as a promising technology for implantable biosensing applications, offering significant advancements in the monitoring and manipulation of biological signals. This review systematically explores the key aspects of flexible fibrous electrodes, including the materials, structural designs, and fabrication methods. A detailed discussion of electrode performance metrics is provided, covering factors such as conductivity, stretchability, axial channel count, and implantation duration. The diverse applications of these electrodes in electrophysiological signal monitoring, electrochemical sensing, tissue strain monitoring, and in vivo electrical stimulation are reviewed, highlighting their potential in biomedical settings. Finally, the review discusses the eight major challenges currently faced by implantable fibrous electrodes and explores future development directions, providing critical technical analysis and potential solutions for the advancement of next-generation flexible implantable fiber-based biosensors.