Rate Adaptive Pacing: Memories From a Bygone Era.

With the recognised physiologic value of dual chamber pacing, there was, at the commencement of the 1980s, an intense search for sensors to enable ventricular pacemakers to alter the pulse repetition rate in response to physiologic demand. Manufacturers fell into two main groups; those who chose highly physiologic sensors often requiring special pacing leads and those whose sensors allowed a standard pacing lead. Thirteen (13) sensors for rate adaptive pacing progressed at least to human investigational studies. Eventually the activity sensor, which responded quickly to exercise, but not to emotional stimuli or pyrexia and used a standard lead would predominate, with all manufacturers eventually accepting what was the least physiologic sensor investigated. The activity-based rate response was not dependent on cardiac or pulmonary disease, which could nullify the response with many of the other sensors. Three (3) other sensors survived that period and are still available today; minute ventilation, closed loop stimulation and central venous temperature, with the first two incorporated with activity as dual sensor systems. This review will outline the development of all the sensors used for rate adaptive pacing.