Systematic retrospective analysis of 13 cases of uterine arteriovenous fistula: Pathogeny, diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up

Abstract Aim To analyze the causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of uterine arteriovenous fistula (UAVF). Methods We retrospectively analyzed 13 patients with UAVF admitted to our hospital from October 2016 to April 2019. Results All patients had a history of intrauterine surgery (curettage for abortion, artificial removal of placenta, hysteroscopy, diagnostic curettage and intrauterine device removal). The main clinical manifestation of UAVF is paroxysmal massive vaginal bleeding; this involved a massive gush of vaginal blood that stopped suddenly. Sonographic images with typical features of UAVF were observed for 12 patients. Pelvic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was performed as a noninvasive adjuvant examination method for diagnosis. Twelve patients underwent uterine arteriography and a diagnosis of UAVF was confirmed. Then, bilateral uterine artery embolization (UAE) was performed. One patient underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy directly instead of uterine arteriography because of unstable vital signs and one patient underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy 25 weeks after the second UAE. The median time until menstrual recovery was 33 days (range, 20–70 days) after UAE. The median time until normal ultrasound examination results was 10 weeks (range, 2–35 weeks). Conclusion Acquired UAVF was associated with a history of previous intrauterine surgery. The ultrasound examination and pelvic contrast‐enhanced MRI were noninvasive adjuvant examination method to effectively assist in diagnosis. Uterine arteriography is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of UAVF, and UAE is considered an effective intervention for treating UAVF and maintaining reproductive function with less damage. Hysterectomy is an appropriate option when conservative measures have failed to prevent a life‐threatening hemorrhage.