Analysis of hysteresis behavior of tin perovskite solar cells using electric-field-induced optical second-harmonic generation measurement

By using electric-field-induced optical second-harmonic generation (EFISHG) measurement, we analyzed the hysteresis behavior of tin perovskite solar cells with a structure of ITO/MASnI ₃ /C ₆₀ /Al. The EFISHG selectively probed the electric field in the C ₆₀ layer, and a hysteresis loop was identified. This loop was very similar to that observed in the IV and C-V characteristics. Our proposed model based on the experimental results suggested that electrons accumulated at the MASnI ₃ /C ₆₀ interface make a significant contribution to this hysteresis behavior.