Large area >140 cm2 perovskite solar modules made by sheet to sheet and roll to roll fabrication with 14.5% efficiency

The industrialization of perovskite solar cells (PSC) require processes to efficiently deposit the constituent layers over large areas. In this work we optimized the use of slot die coating process for both sheet-to-sheet (S2S) and roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing. Particular focus have been put on the control of the uniformity of perovskite crystallization by tailoring the ink formulation and the drying process in order to avoid any efficiency losses over an area increase of 3 orders of magnitude (from 0.09 to 144 cm ² ). In this way we were able to fabricate 144 cm ² modules with 13.8% stabilized efficiency on aperture area on glass (14.5% on active area). At the same time, by developing the R2R slot die deposition process of the perovskite layer, we demonstrated 160 cm ² flexible module with 10.1 % stabilized efficiency on aperture area (11.0% on active area). In addition, fully R2R coated cells exhibit up to 16% efficiency. An outlook on how to upscale more stable perovskite cells (i.e. with pin structure) will be given. These results prove how to optimize the upscaling process towards large area manufacturing of perovskite solar modules on both rigid and flexible substrate.