Autonomous self-optimizing defects by refining energy levels through hydrogenation in CeO2–x polymorphism: a walking mobility of oxygen vacancy with enhanced adsorption capabilities and photocatalytic stability

The proposed work on ceria photocatalyst shows facile reactivity of oxygen anions with hydrogen molecules, turning inefficient highly disordered CeO 2− x into optimized disordered H-CeO 2− x which sustains optimized oxygen vacancies and Ce 3+ defects.