MDS prognostic scoring systems – Past, present, and future

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of clonal myeloid haemopathies characterized by defective differentiation of haematopoietic cells and expansion of the abnormal clone. This leads to bone marrow failure with the resulting peripheral blood cytopenias and evolution to or toward acute myeloid leukaemia that characterize MDS clinically. The clinical heterogeneity of MDS has led several groups to analyze patient and clinical characteristics to develop prognostic scoring systems yielding estimates of overall and leukaemia-free survival to guide clinical decision-making. These models have evolved over time as our understanding of the pathogenesis, natural history, and treatment of MDS has improved. Rapid advances in flow cytometric analysis, adjuncts to standard metaphase cytogenetics, and gene mutation analysis are revolutionizing our understanding of MDS pathogenesis and prognosis. Despite the existence of multiple well-validated prognostic scoring systems, further refinements of current models with these new sources of prognostic data are needed and are described herein.