Residual capacity estimation and consistency sorting of retired lithium batteries in cascade utilization process: a review

With the rapid popularization of new energy vehicles worldwide, the demand for power lithium-ion batteries has surged. Consequently, the industry is now facing the challenge of a large number of retired lithium batteries. As these batteries reach the end of their life cycle, efficiently utilizing their residual value has become a key issue that needs to be resolved. This paper reviews the key issues in the cascade utilization process of retired lithium batteries at the present stage. It focuses on the development status and existing challenges of residual capacity estimation methods and consistency sorting technology. Based on the review, this paper also looks forward to the future research trend of the cascade utilization technology of retired batteries, and the efficient cascade utilization of retired lithium batteries will not only alleviate the pressure on resources but also play a positive role in realizing the goal of carbon neutrality and promoting the development of green economy.