A self-powered and drug-free diabetic wound healing patch breaking hyperglycemia and low H2O2limitations and precisely sterilizing driven by electricity

Accelerating diabetes-related chronic wound healing is a long-sought-after goal in diabetes management. However, therapeutic strategies based on antibiotics or catalysts still face great challenges to break the limitations of antimicrobial resistance, low H₂O₂ and the blocking effect of bacterial biofilms on antibiotic/catalyst penetration. Herein, we reported a glucose biofuel cell-powered and drug-free antibacterial patch, which consisted of an MAF-7 protected glucose oxidase/horseradish peroxidase anode and a horseradish peroxidase cathode, for treating diabetic wounds. This self-powered patch could take high blood glucose as fuel to generate electricity and abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) in situ, synergistically regulating local hyperglycemia and breaking the limitations of insufficient ROS caused by low H₂O₂ levels. In particular, the electric field created by the GBFC could drive the negatively charged bacteria to adhere firmly to the electrode surface. As a result, the ROS produced in situ on the electrodes was localized to the bacteria, realizing precise sterilization. In vivo experiments confirmed that this self-powered patch enabled the wounds on diabetic mice to take a mere 10 days to eliminate inflammation and form mature skin with new hair follicles, demonstrating its great potential in treating bacteria-infected diabetic wounds.